:root {
    --paper: #FBFAF6;
    --panel: #F4F2EA;
    --ink: #191A1F;
    --slate: #63656E;
    --rule: #E7E4DC;
    --cardinal: #8C1515;
    --cardinal-soft: rgba(140, 21, 21, 0.10);
    --curve-base: #191A1F;
    --curve-shift: #8C1515;

    --serif: "Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, "Book Antiqua", Georgia, serif;
    --sans: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "SF Pro Text", system-ui, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    --mono: ui-monospace, "SF Mono", SFMono-Regular, Menlo, "IBM Plex Mono", monospace;

    --wrap: 1120px;
    --gap: clamp(1rem, 4vw, 2.5rem);
  }
  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
    :root {
      --paper: #131419;
      --panel: #1B1D24;
      --ink: #ECEAE3;
      --slate: #9B9DA6;
      --rule: #2A2C34;
      --cardinal: #E07A70;
      --cardinal-soft: rgba(224, 122, 112, 0.12);
      --curve-base: #ECEAE3;
      --curve-shift: #E07A70;
    }
  }
  :root[data-theme="light"] {
    --paper: #FBFAF6; --panel: #F4F2EA; --ink: #191A1F; --slate: #63656E;
    --rule: #E7E4DC; --cardinal: #8C1515; --cardinal-soft: rgba(140,21,21,0.10);
    --curve-base: #191A1F; --curve-shift: #8C1515;
  }
  :root[data-theme="dark"] {
    --paper: #131419; --panel: #1B1D24; --ink: #ECEAE3; --slate: #9B9DA6;
    --rule: #2A2C34; --cardinal: #E07A70; --cardinal-soft: rgba(224,122,112,0.12);
    --curve-base: #ECEAE3; --curve-shift: #E07A70;
  }

  * { box-sizing: border-box; }
  html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) { html { scroll-behavior: auto; } }
  body {
    margin: 0;
    background: var(--paper);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: var(--sans);
    font-size: 17px;
    line-height: 1.6;
    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
    text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
  }
  a { color: inherit; }

  .wrap { max-width: var(--wrap); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 var(--gap); }

  /* ---------- Nav ---------- */
  nav {
    position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 50;
    background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--paper) 88%, transparent);
    backdrop-filter: saturate(1.4) blur(10px);
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .nav-inner {
    max-width: var(--wrap); margin: 0 auto; padding: 0.7rem var(--gap);
    display: flex; align-items: baseline; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem;
  }
  .nav-name {
    font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.05rem; font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.01em; white-space: nowrap;
  }
  .nav-name a { text-decoration: none; }
  .nav-right { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: clamp(0.8rem, 2vw, 1.5rem); }
  .nav-toggle { font-size: 0.64rem; padding: 0.28rem 0.5rem; }
  .nav-links { display: flex; gap: 1.25rem; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: flex-end; }
  .nav-links a {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--slate); text-decoration: none;
    padding-bottom: 2px; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; transition: color .18s, border-color .18s;
  }
  .nav-links a:hover, .nav-links a:focus-visible { color: var(--cardinal); border-color: var(--cardinal); }
  @media (max-width: 720px) { .nav-links { display: none; } }

  /* ---------- Hero ---------- */
  .hero { padding: clamp(3rem, 8vw, 6rem) 0 clamp(2.5rem, 6vw, 4rem); }
  .hero-grid {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.05fr 0.95fr; gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
    align-items: center;
  }
  @media (max-width: 860px) { .hero-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

  /* Home hero: name/title beside portrait, with a full-width figure band below */
  .hero-top {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr minmax(280px, 430px);
    gap: clamp(1.6rem, 4vw, 3.2rem); align-items: center;
  }
  .hero-text { min-width: 0; }
  @media (max-width: 720px) {
    .hero-top { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .portrait { max-width: 320px; }
  }

  .portrait {
    width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 4 / 3; object-fit: cover; object-position: 55% 26%;
    border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid var(--rule); display: block;
    box-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--rule);
  }

  /* About: prose left, interactive figure right.
     Right column matches the hero portrait column exactly so the two right-hand
     elements line up perfectly down the page. */
  .about-grid {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr minmax(280px, 430px);
    gap: clamp(1.6rem, 4vw, 3.2rem); align-items: start;
  }
  .side-figure { margin: 0; }
  @media (max-width: 720px) { .about-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

  .eyebrow {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--cardinal); margin: 0 0 1.1rem;
  }
  h1.name {
    font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 600;
    font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 3.6vw, 2.5rem); line-height: 1.08;
    letter-spacing: -0.015em; margin: 0 0 1.1rem; text-wrap: balance;
  }
  .roles { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 2.2vw, 1.3rem); line-height: 1.4; margin: 0 0 0.4rem; }
  .roles .sep { color: var(--cardinal); padding: 0 0.15em; }
  .affil { color: var(--slate); font-size: 1rem; margin: 0.2rem 0 0.9rem; }
  .hero-research {
    font-family: var(--serif); font-style: italic; font-size: 1.08rem; line-height: 1.45;
    color: var(--ink); max-width: 46ch; margin: 0 0 1.6rem; text-wrap: balance;
  }
  .affil strong { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }

  .hero-actions { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.6rem; }
  .btn {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.75rem; letter-spacing: 0.04em;
    text-decoration: none; padding: 0.55rem 0.9rem; border: 1px solid var(--rule);
    border-radius: 2px; color: var(--ink); background: transparent;
    transition: border-color .18s, background .18s, color .18s;
  }
  .btn:hover, .btn:focus-visible { border-color: var(--cardinal); color: var(--cardinal); }
  .btn.primary { background: var(--ink); color: var(--paper); border-color: var(--ink); }
  .btn.primary:hover, .btn.primary:focus-visible { background: var(--cardinal); border-color: var(--cardinal); color: #fff; }

  /* ---------- Distribution-shift figure ---------- */
  .figure {
    position: relative; border: 1px solid var(--rule); background: var(--panel);
    border-radius: 3px; padding: 1rem 1rem 0.6rem; box-shadow: 0 1px 0 var(--rule);
  }
  .figure canvas { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; }
  .figure-cap {
    display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; gap: 1rem;
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.68rem; letter-spacing: 0.04em;
    color: var(--slate); padding: 0.5rem 0.15rem 0.2rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin-top: 0.5rem;
  }
  .legend { display: flex; gap: 0.9rem; }
  .legend span { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.35rem; }
  .swatch { width: 14px; height: 2px; display: inline-block; }

  /* ---------- Sections ---------- */
  section { padding: clamp(2.6rem, 6vw, 4.2rem) 0; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
  .sec-head { margin: 0 0 2rem; }
  .sec-label {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.14em;
    text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--cardinal); margin: 0 0 0.5rem;
  }
  h2 {
    font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 600; font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 4vw, 2.4rem);
    line-height: 1.1; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0; text-wrap: balance;
  }

  .prose { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.12rem; line-height: 1.7; max-width: 68ch; }
  .prose p { margin: 0 0 1.1rem; }
  .prose a { color: var(--cardinal); text-underline-offset: 3px; }

  /* Research themes */
  .themes { display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); gap: 1px; background: var(--rule); border: 1px solid var(--rule); }
  @media (max-width: 780px) { .themes { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
  .theme { background: var(--paper); padding: 1.6rem 1.4rem; }
  .theme .n { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--cardinal); letter-spacing: 0.08em; }
  .theme h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.22rem; font-weight: 600; margin: 0.5rem 0 0.5rem; }
  .theme p { margin: 0; color: var(--slate); font-size: 0.95rem; line-height: 1.55; }

  /* News */
  .news { display: grid; gap: 0; }
  .news-item {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 7.5rem 1fr; gap: 1.4rem;
    padding: 1rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); align-items: baseline;
  }
  .news-item:first-child { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
  .news-date { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.74rem; color: var(--slate); letter-spacing: 0.02em; padding-top: 2px; }
  .news-body { font-size: 0.98rem; }
  .news-body a { color: var(--cardinal); text-underline-offset: 2px; }
  .news-sum { display: block; margin-top: 0.3rem; font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--slate); line-height: 1.5; }
  @media (max-width: 620px) { .news-item { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0.25rem; } }

  /* Publications */
  .pub-year {
    display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: 1rem; margin: 2.2rem 0 1rem;
  }
  .pub-year:first-of-type { margin-top: 0; }
  .pub-year .y {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.95rem; font-weight: 600; color: var(--cardinal);
    font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
  }
  .pub-year .line { flex: 1; height: 1px; background: var(--rule); }
  .pub {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; gap: 0.5rem 1.5rem;
    padding: 0.85rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .pub-title { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.08rem; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0 0 0.25rem; }
  .pub-authors { font-size: 0.9rem; color: var(--slate); line-height: 1.5; }
  .pub-authors .self { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }
  .pub-venue { font-style: italic; color: var(--ink); }
  .pub-links { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-end; gap: 0.35rem; white-space: nowrap; }
  .chip {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.68rem; letter-spacing: 0.03em; text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--slate); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 2px; padding: 0.2rem 0.5rem;
    transition: color .16s, border-color .16s;
  }
  .chip:hover, .chip:focus-visible { color: var(--cardinal); border-color: var(--cardinal); }
  @media (max-width: 640px) {
    .pub { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
    .pub-links { flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: flex-start; }
  }

  /* two-column blocks */
  .cols { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: var(--gap); }
  .cols.advise { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); }
  @media (max-width: 860px) { .cols.advise { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
  @media (max-width: 760px) { .cols { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
  .subhead { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--slate); margin: 0 0 1rem; }

  .person {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 44px 1fr; column-gap: 0.85rem; align-items: center;
    padding: 0.7rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .person-photo {
    grid-row: 1 / span 2; grid-column: 1; width: 44px; height: 44px; border-radius: 50%;
    object-fit: cover; border: 1px solid var(--rule); background: var(--panel);
  }
  .person .nm { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.08rem; font-weight: 600; }
  .person .nm a { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; }
  .person .nm a:hover, .person .nm a:focus-visible { color: var(--cardinal); text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: 2px; }
  .person .meta { color: var(--slate); font-size: 0.92rem; }
  .person .meta em { color: var(--cardinal); font-style: normal; }

  /* teaching */
  .courses { display: grid; gap: 0; }
  .course {
    display: grid; grid-template-columns: 6.5rem 1fr auto; gap: 1rem; align-items: baseline;
    padding: 0.6rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
  }
  .course .code { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.82rem; color: var(--cardinal); }
  .course .term { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.74rem; color: var(--slate); text-align: right; }
  .course.sab { color: var(--slate); font-style: italic; }
  .course.sab .title { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  @media (max-width: 620px) {
    .course { grid-template-columns: 5.5rem 1fr; }
    .course .term { grid-column: 2; text-align: left; }
  }

  /* talks */
  .talk { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 8rem 1fr; gap: 1.2rem; padding: 0.6rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule); align-items: baseline; }
  .talk .venue-t { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.73rem; color: var(--slate); }
  .talk .t { font-size: 0.98rem; }
  @media (max-width: 620px) { .talk { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 0.15rem; } }

  .more { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.75rem; color: var(--slate); margin-top: 1rem; }

  /* Footer */
  footer { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); background: var(--panel); }
  .foot-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.4fr 1fr 1fr; gap: var(--gap); padding: clamp(2.5rem,5vw,3.5rem) 0; }
  @media (max-width: 760px) { .foot-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1.6rem; } }
  .foot-name { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: 600; margin: 0 0 0.4rem; }
  .foot h4 { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.1em; text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--slate); margin: 0 0 0.8rem; font-weight: 500; }
  .foot a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; text-underline-offset: 3px; }
  .foot a:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: var(--cardinal); }
  .foot address { font-style: normal; color: var(--slate); line-height: 1.7; font-size: 0.95rem; }
  .foot ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; gap: 0.5rem; font-size: 0.95rem; }
  .colophon { border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); padding: 1rem 0; font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.68rem; color: var(--slate); display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 0.5rem 1.2rem; }
  .colophon-quip { flex: 1 1 auto; text-align: right; font-style: italic; opacity: 0.9; }
  @media (max-width: 620px) { .colophon-quip { flex-basis: 100%; text-align: left; order: 3; } }
  .theme-toggle.on { color: var(--cardinal); border-color: var(--cardinal); }

  .theme-toggle {
    font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.68rem; letter-spacing: 0.05em; text-transform: uppercase;
    background: transparent; border: 1px solid var(--rule); color: var(--slate);
    border-radius: 2px; padding: 0.3rem 0.55rem; cursor: pointer;
  }
  .theme-toggle:hover { color: var(--cardinal); border-color: var(--cardinal); }
  :focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--cardinal); outline-offset: 2px; }

/* ── Distribution-shift page ────────────────────────────────────── */
.standfirst { font-family: var(--serif); font-size: clamp(1.15rem, 2.4vw, 1.45rem); line-height: 1.5;
  color: var(--slate); max-width: 60ch; margin: 0.6rem 0 0; text-wrap: balance; }
.backlink { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.06em; text-transform: uppercase;
  color: var(--slate); text-decoration: none; }
.backlink:hover { color: var(--cardinal); }
.essay section:first-of-type { border-top: none; }
.essay h3 { font-family: var(--serif); font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.2rem; margin: 1.8rem 0 0.5rem; letter-spacing: -0.01em; }
.standfirst a { color: var(--cardinal); text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cardinal) 35%, transparent); }
.standfirst a:hover { border-bottom-color: var(--cardinal); }
.topic-link { white-space: nowrap; }

.sec-byline { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: var(--slate);
  margin: 0.45rem 0 0; }

/* Plots pulled in from the papers */
.figure.plot { margin: 1.8rem 0; padding: 0.9rem 0.9rem 0.5rem; }
.figure.plot img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; border-radius: 2px;
  /* plots are drawn for a light ground; keep it white so SVGs stay legible in dark mode */
  background: #fff; }
.figure.plot .figure-cap { display: block; line-height: 1.5; font-size: 0.7rem; text-transform: none;
  letter-spacing: 0.01em; }
.figure-todo { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--slate); text-align: center;
  padding: 3.5rem 1rem; border: 1px dashed var(--rule); border-radius: 2px; }

/* Display formulas — plain HTML, no math library */
.formula {
  font-family: var(--serif); font-size: 1.05rem; line-height: 1.7;
  text-align: center; margin: 1.4rem 0; padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  background: var(--panel); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 3px;
  overflow-x: auto;
}
.formula .under { color: var(--slate); font-size: 0.72rem; font-family: var(--mono);
  display: block; letter-spacing: 0.03em; }
.formula .sys { color: var(--cardinal); }
.formula .noise { color: var(--curve-base); }
.formula-note { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.72rem; color: var(--slate);
  text-align: center; margin: -0.9rem 0 1.4rem; }
.eq { font-family: var(--mono); font-style: normal; color: var(--cardinal); white-space: nowrap; }

.more-details { font-family: var(--mono); font-size: 0.8rem; margin-top: 1.6rem;
  padding-top: 1rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); }
.more-details a { color: var(--cardinal); }